Which option is considered an active safeguard in a process safety management system?

An active safeguard in a process safety management system refers to a measure that actively controls or mitigates hazards during operation. A flow controller directly influences the operational parameters of a process by managing variables such as pressure, temperature, or flow rate. When functioning correctly, it can prevent conditions that may lead to incidents, such as over-pressurization or equipment failure, thereby actively safeguarding the system during its operation.

In contrast, equipment maintenance, emergency preparedness, and training programs serve as preventive or supportive measures rather than direct controls during process activities. Equipment maintenance is essential for ensuring the reliability of safety instruments, but it becomes effective primarily when performed regularly rather than as a constant active control. Emergency preparedness involves planning and preparedness for potential incidents, while training programs equip personnel with knowledge to recognize and respond to hazards, but they do not directly intervene in controlling processes in real-time like active safeguards do. Therefore, the flow controller stands out as the most fitting example of an active safeguard within a process safety management framework.